Measuring localization in the age of economic globalization

In a highly integrated global economy, linkages of domestic sectors to global trade measure an
economy’s ability to gain from participating in global value chains. On the other hand, the strength of
domestic linkages can provide insights on an economy's cross-industry trade and extent of the
localization of economic activity. This paper proposes a measure of domestic linkages based on a value
added approach. Using the Asian Development Bank’s multiregional input–output table from 2000
and 2007 to 2020, this paper estimates a backward agglomeration index, which measures the extent
to which different sectors in the economy source value added from domestic sectors for domestic
consumption. An analogous forward agglomeration index, which measures the extent to which
domestic sectors absorb value added, is also defined. The combinations of backward and
forward agglomeration indexes are consequently used to analyze an economy or a sector’s
agglomeration status. The agglomeration indexes show a positive correlation with existing reshoring
indexes, and a negative correlation with global value chain participation. The indexes are further
extended to account for distribution of activities within domestic sectors.